Proline

Proline is a unique amino acid with its side chain cyclized back to the backbone nitrogen, giving it a rigid ring structure.

Proline is synthesized from glutamate via pyrroline-5-carboxylate.

Without vitamin C, collagen cannot be properly hydroxylated and is unstable. Proline-rich foods include bone broth, gelatin, and meat. Proline also plays roles in protein folding and stress responses.

Metabolic Connections

Proline connects to 5 other pathways.

Compounds

Collagen

Proline is abundant in collagen, providing structural rigidity

Most abundant protein in the body. Provides structure to skin, bones, tendons, and connective tissue. Requires vitamin C for synthesis.

Neurotransmitters

Glutamate

Proline is synthesized from glutamate

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter and metabolic hub. Precursor to GABA and glutathione component.

Amino Acids

Glycine

Glycine and proline together comprise much of collagen

Simplest amino acid with diverse roles - glutathione component, collagen synthesis, neurotransmission, and methylation.

Minerals

Iron

Iron is a cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase

Essential mineral for oxygen transport, energy production, and many enzymatic reactions. Both deficiency and excess are harmful.

Nutrients

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is required for prolyl hydroxylase to modify proline in collagen

Water-soluble antioxidant essential for collagen synthesis, immune function, iron absorption, and neurotransmitter production.